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After adjusting for age and smoking, there was an inverse association between age at menopause and incident bladder cancer (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 192). Compared with menopause at age \u2265\u226548, the hazard ratio (HR) of bladder cancer was 1.32 (95% CI; 0.90\u20131.94) for menopause at 43\u201347, and 1.60 (95% CI; 1.06\u20132.39) for \u2264\u226442 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trend = 0.02). The associations were similar for ages at natural and surgical menopause. In addition, women with a history of bilateral oophorectomy had an increased risk of bladder cancer compared with those who did not undergo bilateral oophorectomy: HR = 1.58 (95% CI; 1.12, 2.22). Finally, there was an indication of a positive association between bladder cancer and shorter lifetime years of ovulation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trend = 0.09). There were no associations between incident bladder cancer and age at first birth, number of births, age at menarche, use of hormone replacement therapy or any other reproductive characteristics. This study provides evidence that increased risk of bladder cancer is associated with earlier age at menopause in postmenopausal women. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,27]],"date-time":"2006-11-27T23:02:14Z","timestamp":1164668534000},"page":"1093-1098","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Reproductive risk factors for incident bladder cancer: Iowa Women's Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Prizment","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard L.","family":"Harlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron 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