{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:44:23Z","timestamp":1791870263884,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1182384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers are among the most common cancers in India. In addition to smoking, tobacco chewing may be a major risk factor for some of these cancers in India. Using data from a multicentric case\u2013control study conducted in India that included 513 hypopharyngeal cancer cases, 511 laryngeal cancer cases and 718 controls, we investigated smoking and chewing tobacco products as risk factors for these cancers. Bidi smoking was a stronger risk factor compared to cigarette smoking for cancer of the hypopharynx (OR<jats:sub>bidi<\/jats:sub> 6.80 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> OR<jats:sub>cig<\/jats:sub> 3.82) and supraglottis (OR<jats:sub>bidi<\/jats:sub> 7.53 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> OR<jats:sub>cig<\/jats:sub> 2.14), while the effect of the 2 products was similar for cancer of the glottis (OR<jats:sub>bidi<\/jats:sub> 5.32 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> OR<jats:sub>cig<\/jats:sub> 5.74). Among never\u2010smokers, tobacco chewing was a risk factor for hypopharyngeal cancer, but not for laryngeal cancer. In particular, the risk of hypopharyngeal cancer increased with the use of Khaini (OR 2.02, CI 0.81\u20135.05), Mawa (OR 3.17, CI 1.06\u20139.53), Pan (OR 3.34, CI 1.68\u20136.61), Zarda (OR 3.58, CI 1.20\u201310.68) and Gutkha (OR 4.59, CI 1.21\u201317.49). A strong dose\u2010response relationship was observed between chewing frequency and the risk of hypopharyngeal cancer (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub> &lt; 0.001). An effect of alcohol on cancer of the hypopharynx and supraglottis was observed only among daily drinkers (OR 2.22, CI 1.11\u20134.45 and OR 3.76, CI 1.25\u201311.30, respectively). In summary, this study shows that chewing tobacco products commercially available in India are risk factors for hypopharyngeal cancer, and that the potency of Bidi smoking may be higher than that of cigarette smoking for hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,21]],"date-time":"2007-06-21T17:16:56Z","timestamp":1182446216000},"page":"1793-1798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Smokeless tobacco and increased risk of hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers: A multicentric case\u2013control study from India"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vendhan","family":"Gajalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhaval H.","family":"Jetly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soma","family":"Roychowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh P.","family":"Dikshit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Hashibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Boffetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","volume-title":"GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide (IARC Cancer Base No. 5(2.0))","author":"Ferlay J","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra001375"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","series-title":"IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks of chemicals to humans","volume-title":"Tobacco smoking","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","series-title":"IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans","volume-title":"Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Betel\u2010quid and areca\u2010nut chewing and some areca\u2010nut derived nitrosamines","volume":"85","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2004","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","first-page":"681","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking on the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers in Indian men. 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