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After transmission, the HTLV\u20101 infection is predominantly maintained by cell\u2010to\u2010cell infection and clonal expansion; however, the details have not yet been clarified. To investigate how HTLV\u20101 infected cells act in an environment without an effective immune reaction, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from asymptomatic HTLV\u20101 carriers were inoculated into nonobese diabetic\/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD\/SCID)\/\u03b3c<jats:sup>null<\/jats:sup> (NOG) mice, which have immunological dysfunctions of T\u2010 and B\u2010lymphocytes and NK cells. Human mononuclear cells including both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were found to have infiltrated into various organs, including the liver, kidney, spleen and lung, when the mice were sacrificed 1 month after inoculation. The copy numbers of HTLV\u20101 provirus detected in the tissue\u2010infiltrating human cells were much higher than those in the original PBMCs from the carriers. The expression of HTLV\u20101 mRNA was demonstrated in the tissue\u2010infiltrating cells by reverse transcriptase\u2010polymerase chain reaction. Inverse\u2010long polymerase chain reaction showed that the pattern of HTLV\u20101 proviral integration was different from that of the original carrier and that it varied among NOG mice inoculated with PBMCs from the same carrier. These results suggest the selective proliferation of particular clones of HTLV\u20101 infected cells in NOG mice. Alternatively, transmission and new integration of HTLV\u20101 from infected cells to noninfected cells might have occurred in an environment without an effective immune reaction. The NOG mouse is considered a good animal model for the patho\u2010physiological study of HTLV\u20101 infection with immunodeficiency. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,26]],"date-time":"2007-07-26T14:17:38Z","timestamp":1185459458000},"page":"2205-2211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Engraftment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human T\u2010lymphotropic virus Type 1 carriers in NOD\/SCID\/\u03b3c<sup>null<\/sup> (NOG) 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