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Clinical studies of 4\u2010HPR have shown side effects consisting of night blindness and ocular toxicity. To maintain potent anticancer activity without side effects, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010dodecylaminophenol (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010DDAP) was designed based on structure\u2013activity relationships of 4\u2010HPR. In our study, we investigate whether <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010DDAP shows anticancer activity against human prostate cancer cell line PC\u20103 when compared with 4\u2010HPR. <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010DDAP inhibited PC\u20103 cell growth progressively from low to high concentration in a dose\u2010dependent manner. <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010DDAP was the most potent antiproliferative agent <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> among 6 <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010alkylaminophenols and 3 4\u2010hydroxyphenyl analogs examined including 4\u2010HPR. Cells treated with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010DDAP were shown to undergo apoptosis, based on condensation nuclei, cytofluorimetric analysis, propidium iodide staining and the expression of <jats:italic>bcl\u20102<\/jats:italic> and caspase 3. <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010DDAP arrested the S phase of the cell cycle, while 4\u2010HPR arrested the G<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\/G<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> phase. In addition, both the i.v. and i.p. administration of <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010DDAP suppressed tumor growth in PC\u20103\u2010implanted mice <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010DDAP showed no effects on blood retinol concentrations, in contrast to reductions after 4\u2010HPR administration. These results indicate that <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010DDAP exhibits excellent anticancer efficacy against hormonal independent prostate cancer <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, and it may have great potential for clinical use in the treatment of prostate cancer with reduced side effects. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,22]],"date-time":"2007-10-22T14:21:05Z","timestamp":1193062865000},"page":"689-698","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["<i>p<\/i>\u2010Dodecylaminophenol derived from the synthetic retinoid, fenretinide: Antitumor efficacy <i>in vitro<\/i> and <i>in vivo<\/i> against human prostate cancer and mechanism of 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