{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:04:30Z","timestamp":1791338670234,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]],"date-time":"2007-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1194912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mulago Hospital and Makerere Medical School, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now Cancer Research UK)"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, United States and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Burkitt lymphoma, a childhood tumor common in parts of sub\u2010Saharan Africa, has been directly associated with Epstein\u2010Barr virus (EBV) and indirectly with prevalence of malaria. We studied antibodies to both EBV and malaria in children diagnosed with this cancer in Uganda. We performed a case\u2010control study of HIV\u2010seronegative children (\u226415 years) admitted to hospital. Cases were diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma and controls with non\u2010malignant conditions or non\u2010lymphatic cancers. Interviews were conducted and serological samples collected and, when possible, tested for both EBV and malaria. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for Burkitt lymphoma were estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for sex, age, residential district, household income and tribe. The mean age of cases was 7 years and 61% were male. Compared to controls, cases were more likely to be reported having received more frequent treatment for malaria in the past year (OR = 2.0;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.001) and less likely to be living in a home where insecticides were used (OR = 0.2;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001). Odds ratios for Burkitt lymphoma in children increased with increasing antibody levels against EBV (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001) and malaria (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.05). Findings were similar for children residing in districts close to the capital city and in remote areas. Cases were 5 times more likely than controls to have raised levels of both EBV and malaria antibodies (OR = 5.0;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.003). Our findings suggest that EBV and malaria may act synergistically in the pathogenesis of childhood Burkitt lymphoma. Malaria prevention measures may also prevent this childhood cancer. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]],"date-time":"2007-11-13T11:48:12Z","timestamp":1194954492000},"page":"1319-1323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Antibodies against malaria and Epstein\u2010Barr virus in childhood Burkitt lymphoma: A case\u2010control study in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Lucy M.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Casabonne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Mbulaiteye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Mbidde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Wabinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Jaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Beral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18004619704"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(60)80369-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196103\/04)14:2<258::AID-CNCR2820140206>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196103\/04)14:2<270::AID-CNCR2820140207>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5487.569"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-80725-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"1585","article-title":"Trends in cancer incidence in Kyadondo county, Uganda, 1960\u20131997","volume":"82","author":"Wabinga HR","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"779","volume-title":"Cancer epidemiology and prevention","author":"Morrow RH","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91524-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)91137-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1964.0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910060102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/56.3.479"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","series-title":"Burkitt's lymphoma: a human cancer model","author":"Morrow RH","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20010601)92:5<622::AID-IJC1256>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1969.18.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","unstructured":"DeanAD DeanJA BurtonJH DickerRC.Epi Info Version 5: a word processing database and statistics program for epidemiology on micro\u2010computers. 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