{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:08:55Z","timestamp":1791155335682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The effect of the evolving HIV epidemic on cancer has been sparsely documented in Africa. We report results on the risk of cancer associated with HIV\u20101 infection using data from an ongoing study. A case\u2013control analysis was used to estimate the relative risk (odds ratio, OR) of cancer types known to be AIDS defining: Kaposi's sarcoma (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 333), non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 223) and cancers of the cervix (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1,586), and 11 cancer types possibly associated with HIV infection: Hodgkin lymphoma (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 154), cancers of other anogenital organs (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 157), squamous cell cancer of the skin (SCC,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 70), oral cavity and pharynx (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 319), liver (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 83), stomach (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 142), leukemia (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 323), melanoma (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 53), sarcomas other than Kaposi's (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 93), myeloma (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 189) and lung cancer (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 363). The comparison group comprised 3,717 subjects with all other cancer types and 682 subjects with vascular disease. ORs were adjusted for age, sex (except cervical cancer), year of diagnosis, education and number of sexual partners. Significantly increased risks associated with HIV\u20101 infection were found for HIV\/AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma (OR = 47.1, 95% CI = 31.9\u201369.8), NHL (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 4.3\u20138.1) and cancer of the cervix (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3\u20132.0); Hodgkin's disease (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0\u20132.7), cancers of anogenital organs other than the cervix (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.4\u20133.3) and SCC (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.4\u20134.9) were also significantly increased. No significant associations were found between HIV and any of the other cancers examined. Risks for HIV\u2010related cancers are consistent with previous studies in Africa, and are lower when compared to those observed in developed countries. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T16:16:24Z","timestamp":1201882584000},"page":"2260-2265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["The spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus\u2010associated cancers in a South African black population: Results from a case\u2013control study, 1995\u20132004"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Lara","family":"Stein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret I.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianne","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue Qin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Beral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Donde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moosa","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Sitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults","volume":"41","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1993","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","series-title":"Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T\u2010cell lymphotrophic viruses","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rr.2000.5269"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61050-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199905070-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.18.1500"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","first-page":"390","article-title":"The epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome malignancies","volume":"27","author":"Goedert JJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21334"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21443"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","volume-title":"Cancer in Africa. 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