{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:07:22Z","timestamp":1785870442095,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,17]],"date-time":"2008-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1205712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The etiology of vulvar and vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (VV\u2010SCC) has received little attention. A total of 182 women with invasive VV\u2010SCC (116 with VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vulva<\/jats:sub>, 66 with VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vagina<\/jats:sub>), 164 uterine corpus cancer controls and 518 population controls were interviewed in a population\u2010based case\u2013control study in Denmark, and 87 (48%) of the VV\u2010SCC cases had tissue samples examined for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA using the GP5+\/6+ PCR\u2010EIA assay and subsequent reverse line blotting for HPV typing. Logistic regression\u2010derived odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals served as relative risks. Cervical cancer\u2010associated high\u2010risk HPVs (hrHPVs) were detectable in most (89%) examined cases of VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vagina<\/jats:sub> and in half (50%) of cases of VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vulva<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). In site\u2010specific multivariate logistic regression analyses, statistically significant risk factors for both VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vulva<\/jats:sub> and VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vagina<\/jats:sub> included measures of hrHPV exposure (anogenital warts for VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vulva<\/jats:sub>; cervical neoplasia and poor genital hygiene for VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vagina<\/jats:sub>), tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. Furthermore, socioeconomic variables (marital status and years at school) were associated with risk of VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vulva<\/jats:sub>. Comparing hrHPV\u2010positive and hrHPV\u2010negative VV\u2010SCCs in polytomous logistic regression analysis revealed that tobacco smoking and cervical neoplasia were significant risk factors only for hrHPV\u2010positive VV\u2010SCCs. Our study shows that VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vulva<\/jats:sub> and VV\u2010SCC<jats:sub>vagina<\/jats:sub> share measures of prior hrHPV exposure, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption as statistically significant risk factors. HPV vaccination programs aimed at reducing the burden of cervical cancers are likely to also provide considerable protection against VV\u2010SCCs. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,17]],"date-time":"2008-03-17T14:16:50Z","timestamp":1205763410000},"page":"2827-2834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Risk factors for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva and vagina\u2014Population\u2010based case\u2013control study in Denmark"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Birgitte S.","family":"Madsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle L.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriaan J.C.","family":"van den Brule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wohlfahrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten","family":"Frisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(93)90250-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2001.6502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195149616.003.0055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19850415)55:8<1843::AID-CNCR2820550833>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)90738-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00467-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.20.1516"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"859","article-title":"Case\u2010control study of cancer of the vulva","volume":"75","author":"Brinton LA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199107000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"4677","article-title":"Papillomaviruses in anogenital cancer as a model to understand the role of viruses in human cancers","volume":"49","author":"zur Hausen H","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"441","article-title":"The Danish Civil Registration System. 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