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Here, we explored expression levels of chemokines and related these to the presence or absence of immuno\u2010competent cells (dendritic and T\u2010cells) in affected (HPV\u2010positive VIN) and non\u2010affected (HPV\u2010negative) vulvar tissues from the same patients. Combining microarray data with quantitative real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR, it was observed that several important chemokines were differentially expressed between VIN and control samples (up\u2010regulation of <jats:italic>IL8<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CXCL10<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CCL20<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CCL22<\/jats:italic> and down\u2010regulation of <jats:italic>CXCL12<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CCL21<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CCL14<\/jats:italic>). Furthermore, an increased number of mature dendritic cells (CD208<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) seemed to be bottled up in the dermis, and although a T\u2010cell response (increased CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells) was observed in VIN, a much larger response is required to clear the infection. In summary, it seems that most mature dendritic cells do not receive the proper chemokine signal for migration and will stay in the dermis, not able to present viral antigen to naive T\u2010cells in the lymph node. Consequently the adaptive immune response diminishes, resulting in a persistent HPV infection with increased risk for neoplasia. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,22]],"date-time":"2008-05-22T19:46:39Z","timestamp":1211485599000},"page":"616-622","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Reduced local immunity in HPV\u2010related VIN: Expression of chemokines and involvement of immunocompetent cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Lindy A.M.","family":"Santegoets","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"van 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