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Marked elevation of 8\u2010hydroxy\u20102\u2032\u2010deoxyguanosine (8\u2010OHdG) levels was found in squamous cell carcinomas and UCs associated with Schistosomiasis when compared with non\u2010Schistosomal carcinomas. This was accompanied by strong over expression of the DNA\u2010repair genes, 8\u2010oxoguanine\u2010DNA\u2010glycosylase and apurinic\/apyrimidinic endonuclease, as well as increased formation levels of ssDNA. Expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which is known to be indirectly related to oxidative stress was higher in Schistosomal than in the non\u2010Schistosomal carcinomas. However, expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase was slightly stronger in non\u2010Schistosomal than in the Schistosomal carcinomas. In conclusion, these findings suggest a strong correlation between\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and increased levels of oxidative stress accompanied by a continuous DNA damage and repair in UCs, all directly correlating with elevated iNOS. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,13]],"date-time":"2008-05-13T14:17:51Z","timestamp":1210688271000},"page":"601-608","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Elevated oxidative stress and DNA damage and repair levels in urinary bladder carcinomas associated with schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Elsayed I.","family":"Salim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichirou","family":"Morimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Menesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"El\u2010Lity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoji","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Wanibuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"657","article-title":"Public health impact of schistosomiasis: disease and mortality","volume":"71","author":"WHO","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Cancer prevention in developing countries","author":"Ibrahim S","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(98)00154-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-006-0144-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","series-title":"IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans","volume-title":"Schistosomas, liver flukes and helicobacter pylori. 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