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We have studied in a series of meningiomas the expression of the Toll\u2010like receptor 4 (TLR4), which apart from its major role as a key factor of the innate immune system, is believed to play a role in tumorigenesis. All meningiomas studied expressed TLR4 mRNA and protein at variable degree. Paclitaxel, a ligand of TLR4, exhibited a dose\u2010 and time\u2010dependent growth suppression in both monolayer and spheroid meningioma cell cultures. The knockdown of TLR4 with siRNA in meningioma cell cultures abrogated the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel. The suppressive action of paclitaxel on meningioma cell growth was enhanced in the presence of fluvastatin or the mitogen\u2010actvated protein kinase (ERK1\/2) inhibitor PD98059. At least part of the growth suppressive effect was mediated by the induction of apoptosis in meningioma cells by paclitaxel alone or in combination with fluvastatin. In conclusion, our <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> results suggest that paclitaxel alone or in combination with other inhibitors of cell growth (statins, MAPK inhibitors) could provide a potential tool for the treatment of TLR4 expressing meningiomas. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,7]],"date-time":"2008-08-07T19:34:17Z","timestamp":1218137657000},"page":"1956-1963","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Toll\u2010like receptor\u20104 is expressed in meningiomas and mediates the antiproliferative action of paclitaxel"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Tichomirowa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marily","family":"Theodoropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian 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