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All study subjects were residents of St. Petersburg, formerly Leningrad, between 1975 and 1982. One third of them had experienced the siege as children, adolescents or young adults (age range, 1\u201331 years at the peak of starvation in 1941\u20131942). Associations of siege exposure with risk of death from cancer were studied using a multivariable Cox regression, stratified by gender and period of birth, adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol and social characteristics, from 1975 to 1977 (men) and 1980 to 1982, respectively (women), until the end of 2005. Women who were 10\u201318 years old at the peak of starvation were taller as adults (age\u2010adjusted difference, 1.7 cm; 95% CI, 0.5\u20133.0) and had a higher risk of dying from breast cancer compared with unexposed women born during the same period (age\u2010adjusted HR, 9.9; 95% CI, 1.1\u201386.5). Mortality from prostate cancer was nonsignificantly higher in exposed men. The experience of severe starvation and stress during childhood and adolescence may have long\u2010term effects on cancer in surviving men and women. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,21]],"date-time":"2008-10-21T14:57:30Z","timestamp":1224601050000},"page":"1416-1421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Cancer mortality in women and men who survived the siege of Leningrad (1941\u20131944)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Ilona","family":"Koupil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Plavinskaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Parfenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitri B.","family":"Shestov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe Day","family":"Danziger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denny","family":"V\u00e5ger\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.54.101601.152156"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.10.1226"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh087"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008821524297"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0839"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.6.530"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01288.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"532","article-title":"Incidence and survival characteristics of diseases among holocaust survivors that have immigrated to Israel","volume":"82","author":"Vin\u2010Raviv N","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Role of pathologists in the besieged city of Leningrad (1941\u20131943)","volume":"133","author":"Chmelnizkij OK","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zentralbl Allg Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","volume-title":"Leningrad 1941: the blockade","author":"Pavlov D","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7119.1342"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(77)90017-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117009","article-title":"Correlates of mortality in Russian and US women. 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