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With the notable exception of non\u2010melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), most tumors that show strongly increased incidence rates in both transplant recipients and AIDS patients have been found to have a viral etiology. Among these are Kaposi sarcoma, diffuse large cell B\u2010cell lymphoma, cervical cancer, liver cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma and a subset of Hodgkin's disease. A viral etiology for NMSC, <jats:italic>i.e<\/jats:italic>., \u03b2\u2010 and \u03b3\u2010subtypes of human papillomavirus, has been suggested and investigated for many years, but remains controversial. In addition, the moderately increased incidence rates of several other cancers in immunosuppressed individuals (<jats:italic>e.g<\/jats:italic>., Vajdic and van Leeuwen, Int J Cancer, in press) could indicate that additional infectious causes for at least some human cancers remain to be discovered. The controversy surrounding the role of cutaneous papillomavirus subtypes in the pathogenesis of NMSC illustrates the difficulties encountered when weighing the epidemiological and molecular biology evidence arguing for an involvement of highly prevalent viruses in certain types of cancer. \u00a9 2009 UICC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,10]],"date-time":"2009-07-10T01:29:47Z","timestamp":1247189387000},"page":"1755-1763","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Cancer and viral infections in immunocompromised individuals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","article-title":"Cancer incidence and risk factors affecting solid organ transplantation","author":"Vajdic CM","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61050-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.18.1500"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205240-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji072"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000238411.75324.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2000.tb02068.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02298-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601219"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2823"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2007.01736.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07668-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152586"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5023.841"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70096-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-09-180315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1452"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190400002202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.9.1674"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Epstein\u2010Barr virus\u2010latent gene expression and tumor cell phenotype in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\u2010related non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma. 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