{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:49:23Z","timestamp":1790887763128,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vulva is a heterogeneous disease, associated or not with vulvar lichen sclerosus (LS). The precursor role of LS in vulvar cancer is unclear. We studied the epigenetic alterations of <jats:italic>RASSF1A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>RASSF2A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>p16<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TSP\u20101<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>MGMT<\/jats:italic> genes in vulvar SCCs, LS associated with SCC, isolated LS and normal vulvar skin. Gene hypermethylation and human papillomavirus presence were evaluated by methylation\u2010specific PCR and PCR\/reverse line blot, respectively. High\u2010risk human papillomavirus types were present in 16.7% of the patients with vulvar SCC. There were increasing percentages of hypermethylation of genes from isolated LS to LS associated with vulvar SCC and vulvar SCC. The genes were hypermethylated more frequently in vulvar SCC associated with LS than in those not associated with LS, <jats:italic>MGMT<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>RASSF2A<\/jats:italic> being unmethylated in LS not associated with vulvar SCC. <jats:italic>TSP\u20101<\/jats:italic> hypermethylation was related to recurrence in patients with vulvar cancer. Conclusions are as follows: (<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>) the epigenetic inactivation of genes is a common event in vulvar SCC and is also present in adjacent lesions, implying a possible precursor role for these alterations; (<jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>MGMT<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>RASSF2A<\/jats:italic> hypermethylation are present exclusively in vulvar SCC and LS associated with SCC, and absent from isolated LS; and (<jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>TSP\u20101<\/jats:italic> hypermethylation is a bad prognosis factor in vulvar SCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,29]],"date-time":"2010-08-29T12:43:57Z","timestamp":1283085837000},"page":"2853-2864","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Differential hypermethylation of genes in vulvar cancer and lichen sclerosus coexisting or not with vulvar cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Guarch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaya","family":"Ojer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"M\u00e9ndez\u2010Meca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manel","family":"Esteller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edurne","family":"Barba\u2010Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Garcia\u2010Bragado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Puras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000210268.57527.a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213251.82940.bf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000177646.38266.6a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"316","volume-title":"World Health Organization classification of tumours. 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