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Here, we show that injection of the chemotherapeutic drug Gemcitabine in mice results in improvement of the efficacy of subsequent PMED vaccination against NY\u2010ESO\u20101. We found in mice and in cancer patients that administration of Gemcitabine induces a transient reduction in the percentage of regulatory T\u2010cells among CD4\u2010positive cells. The higher relative sensitivity of regulatory T\u2010cells compared to other CD4\u2010positive T\u2010cells toward cytostatic drugs can be linked to the higher frequency of proliferating cells in the regulatory compartment compared to the nonregulatory CD4\u2010compartment in healthy people and cancer patients. Thus, by affecting regulatory T\u2010cells more than other lymphocyte subsets, chemotherapeutic agents can create a transient hyperimmunoreactive window. Such a window would provide an ideal timepoint to administer a vaccine expected to induce a therapeutically relevant anticancer cytotoxic T\u2010cell response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,8]],"date-time":"2010-11-08T13:29:41Z","timestamp":1289222981000},"page":"832-838","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Gemcitabine depletes regulatory T\u2010cells in human and mice and enhances triggering of vaccine\u2010specific cytotoxic 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