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We reviewed cervical cancer data from national mortality surveys and registries, and conducted a meta\u2010analysis to estimate the prevalence of high\u2010grade lesions (HSIL) and high\u2010risk human papillomavirus (HR\u2010HPV) infections in rural Shanxi Province. We found that a national survey in the 1970s estimated age\u2010standardized cervical cancer mortality rates as \u223c15 and \u223c83\/100,000 women nationally and in Xiangyuan, Shanxi; but the latest survey (2004\u20132005) found much lower rates of \u223c3 and \u223c7\/100,000, respectively. IARC registries record age\u2010standardized cervical cancer incidence in China as &lt;5\/100,000 (1998\u20132002); but the five registry sites cover &lt;2% of the population, and the gross domestic product per capita at each of the registry sites is higher than China's average (by a factor ranging from 1.3 to 3.9). The pooled estimate of the prevalence of HSIL and HR\u2010HPV in women aged 30\u201354 years in Shanxi was 3.7%(95%CI:2.7\u20134.8%) and 17.2%(95%CI:13.1\u201321.3%), respectively. Based on a feasible range informed by the incidence data for China and other unscreened populations, the predicted indicative annual number of new cervical cancer cases nationally, in the absence of any intervention, ranges from \u223c27,000 to 130,000 (2010) to 42,000 to 187,000 (2050). In conclusion, recent data suggest comparatively low rates of cervical cancer incidence in China, which may be partly explained by the location of registry sites in higher socioeconomic status areas. However, the evidence is consistent with considerable heterogeneity within China, with a higher disease burden in some rural areas such as Shanxi. Therefore, the lower reported rates of cervical cancer in China should be interpreted cautiously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,8]],"date-time":"2011-03-08T15:48:35Z","timestamp":1299599315000},"page":"641-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["The burden of cervical cancer in China: Synthesis of the evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Ju\u2010Fang","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Canfell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie\u2010Bin","family":"Lew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You\u2010Lin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"GLOBOCAN 2008, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10","author":"Ferlay J","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","volume-title":"Investigate for malignant tumour mortality in China","author":"National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control of Chinese Ministry of Health","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","volume-title":"National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control of Chinese Ministry of Health","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","volume-title":"Investigate for malignant tumour mortality in China (1990\u20131992)","author":"National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control of Chinese Ministry of Health","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","volume-title":"The Third National Retrospective Sampling Death Survey","author":"Chen Z","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61394-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","unstructured":"Statistics websites of Chinese central and local governments. 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