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The incidence of HCC in individuals coexposed to hepatitis C (HCV) or B virus and AFB1 is greater than could be explained by the additive effect; yet, the mechanisms are poorly understood because of the lack of an animal model. Our study investigated the outcomes and mechanisms of combined exposure to HCV and AFB1. We hypothesized that HCV transgenic (HCV\u2010Tg; expressing core, E1, E2 and p7, nucleotides 342\u20132771) mice will be prone to hepatocarcinogenesis when exposed to AFB1. Neonatal (7 days old) HCV\u2010Tg or C57BL\/6J wild\u2010type (WT) mice were exposed to AFB1 (6 \u03bcg\/g bw) or tricaprylin vehicle (15 \u03bcl\/g bw), and male offspring were followed for up to 12 months. No liver lesions were observed in vehicle\u2010treated WT or HCV\u2010Tg mice. Tumors (adenomas or carcinomas) and preneoplastic lesions (hyperplasia or foci) were observed in 22.5% (9 of 40) of AFB1\u2010treated WT mice. In AFB1\u2010treated HCV\u2010Tg mice, the incidence of tumorous or pretumorous lesions was significantly elevated (50%, 18 of 36), with the difference largely due to a 2.5\u2010fold increase in the incidence of adenomas (30.5 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 12.5%). Although oxidative stress and steatohepatitis were observed in both AFB1\u2010treated groups, molecular changes indicative of the enhanced inflammatory response and altered lipid metabolism were more pronounced in HCV\u2010Tg mice. In summary, HCV proteins core, E1, E2 and p7 are sufficient to reproduce the cocarcinogenic effect of HCV and AFB1, which is a known clinical phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,16]],"date-time":"2011-04-16T03:29:18Z","timestamp":1302924558000},"page":"1347-1356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Increased incidence of aflatoxin B1\u2010induced liver tumors in hepatitis virus C transgenic mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Jeannot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary A.","family":"Boorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Kosyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair U.","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svitlana","family":"Shymoniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batbayar","family":"Tumurbaatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Weinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stepan B.","family":"Melnyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volodymyr","family":"Tryndyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor P.","family":"Pogribny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Rusyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.04.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22860"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer.World cancer report 2008. 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