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In the present study, on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, we found high intraepithelial infiltration of regulatory FOXP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells, and relatively high levels of BDCA2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and FOXP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cells in stromal (peripheral) regions of the tumors. Tumor\u2010infiltrating (intraepithelial) FOXP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells were significantly more frequent in patients with oropharynx and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma and in patients without lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, arginase\u2010II (ARG2) was expressed by 60%, inducible nitric oxide synthetase by 9%, cyclooxygenase\u20102 by 43%, and B\u2010cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) by 26% of tumors. Interestingly, the absence of ARG2 expression, enhanced stromal infiltration of CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>myeloid dendritic cells, and high numbers of FOXP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells were each significantly associated with prolonged overall survival, and the latter two parameters were also confirmed by multivariate analysis. For disease\u2010free survival, multivariate analysis revealed significant negative correlations with BCL2 and ARG2 expression by tumor cells. These findings shed new light on mechanisms of cancer progression, and provide rationales for therapeutic inhibition of immunosuppressive mechanisms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,20]],"date-time":"2012-07-20T20:39:25Z","timestamp":1342816765000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Prognostic value of arginase\u2010II expression and regulatory T\u2010cell infiltration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Luc","family":"Bron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Jandus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snezana","family":"Andrejevic\u2010Blant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel 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