{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:52:33Z","timestamp":1792065153110,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant tumor of developing muscle that can occur anywhere in the body. Due to its rarity, relatively little is known about the epidemiology of RMS. Atopic disease is hypothesized to be protective against several malignancies; however, to our knowledge, there have been no assessments of atopy and childhood RMS. Therefore, we explored this association in a case\u2010control study of 322 childhood RMS cases and 322 pair\u2010matched controls. Cases were enrolled in a trial run by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Controls were matched to cases on race, sex and age. The following atopic conditions were assessed: allergies, asthma, eczema and hives; in addition, we examined other immune\u2010related factors: birth order, day\u2010care attendance and breastfeeding. Conditional logistic\u2010regression models were used to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each exposure, adjusted for age, race, sex, household income and parental education. As the two most common histologic types of RMS are embryonal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009215) and alveolar (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200966), we evaluated effect heterogeneity of these exposures. Allergies (OR\u2009=\u20090.60, 95% CI: 0.41\u20130.87), hives (OR\u2009=\u20090.61, 95% CI: 0.38\u20130.97), day\u2010care attendance (OR\u2009=\u20090.48, 95% CI: 0.32\u20130.71) and breastfeeding for\u2009\u2265\u200912 months (OR\u2009=\u20090.36, 95% CI: 0.18\u20130.70) were inversely associated with childhood RMS. These exposures did not display significant effect heterogeneity between histologic types (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.52 for all exposures). This is the first study indicating that atopic exposures may be protective against childhood RMS, suggesting additional studies are needed to evaluate the immune system's role in the development of this tumor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]],"date-time":"2013-07-03T23:26:23Z","timestamp":1372893983000},"page":"431-436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Allergies, atopy, immune\u2010related factors and childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: A report from the children's oncology group"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Lupo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renke","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen X.","family":"Skapek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas S.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology Seattle Children's Hospital University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan G.","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research Department of Pediatrics University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Scheurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fatih Okcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Melin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Sciences Oncology Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Papworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Sciences Oncology Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik B.","family":"Erhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seymour","family":"Grufferman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department of Internal Medicine University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2964"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","article-title":"Soft tissue sarcomas. 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