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We prospectively investigated the association between dietary nitrate and nitrite intake and risk of colorectal cancer in the Shanghai Women's Health Study, a cohort of 73,118 women ages 40\u201370 residing in Shanghai. We evaluated effect modification by factors that affect endogenous formation of NOCs: vitamin C (at or above\/below median) and red meat intake (at or above\/below median). Nitrate, nitrite and other dietary intakes were estimated from a 77\u2010item food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline. Over a mean of 11 years of follow\u2010up, we identified 619 colorectal cancer cases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009383, colon; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009236, rectum). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression. Overall, nitrate intake was not associated with colorectal cancer risk (HR\u2009=\u20091.08; 95% CI: 0.73\u20131.59). However, among women with vitamin C intake below the median (83.9 mg day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and hence higher potential exposure to NOCs, risk of colorectal cancer increased with increasing quintiles of nitrate intake (highest <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. lowest quintile HR\u2009=\u20092.45; 95% CI: 1.15\u20135.18; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> trend\u2009=\u20090.02). There was no association among women with higher vitamin C intake. We found no association between nitrite intake and risk of colorectal cancer overall or by intake level of vitamin C. Our findings suggest that high dietary nitrate intake among subgroups expected to have higher exposure to endogenously formed NOCs increases risk of colorectal cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]],"date-time":"2013-11-15T07:13:25Z","timestamp":1384499605000},"page":"2917-2926","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Dietary nitrate and nitrite intake and risk of colorectal cancer in the Shanghai Women's Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Curt T.","family":"DellaValle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Nashville TN"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt\u2010Ingram Cancer Center Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ou","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Nashville TN"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt\u2010Ingram Cancer Center Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briseis","family":"Aschebrook\u2010Kilfoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Studies University of Chicago Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Nashville TN"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt\u2010Ingram Cancer Center Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Lan Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Shanghai Cancer Institute Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bu\u2010Tian","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wong\u2010Ho","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Tang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Shanghai Cancer Institute Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary H.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6917(94)90022-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711459900063X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910270408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"1998 IARC Lyon France IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenesis risks to humans. 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