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We aimed to assess prevalence of HPV infection in nonmalignant tonsillar crypt epithelia and to histopathologically characterise positive samples. Formalin\u2010fixed paraffin\u2010embedded (FFPE) tonsil tissue specimens were obtained from an age\u2010 and sex\u2010stratified random sample of patients aged 0\u201369 years whose paired tonsils were archived following elective tonsillectomy at hospitals throughout England and Southern Scotland from 2004 to 2008. Homogenised fresh\u2010frozen tonsil tissue was also obtained from archive for two random subsets of males aged 25\u201334 and over 44. HPV status was assessed in all samples for 20 mucosal HPV types by GP5+\/6+ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enzyme immunoassay and by HPV16 type\u2010specific PCR targeting the E6 gene. In the homogenised material, HPV status was also assessed for 44 HPV types by SPF10\u2010PCR enzyme immunoassay. Of 4,095 randomly sampled FFPE specimens, amplifiable DNA was extracted from 3,377 (82.5%) and from 511 of 524 (97.5%) homogenised tonsils. HPV DNA was identified in 0 of 3,377 (0%, 95% CI 0\u20130.089%) fixed samples and 0 of 511 (0%, 95% CI 0\u20130.58%) homogenised samples. This suggests HPV infection may be rare in tonsil reticulated crypt epithelia. Furthermore, we found no evidence of HPV\u2010associated premalignant neoplasia. These data suggest that if HPV\u2010associated premalignant lesions do occur, they are likely to be rare and may have a high risk of progression to carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,11]],"date-time":"2014-04-11T09:48:05Z","timestamp":1397209685000},"page":"2437-2443","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Human papillomavirus infection is rare in nonmalignant tonsil tissue in the UK: Implications for tonsil cancer precursor lesions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HPV Research Group Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Newcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele C.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre Manchester United Kingdom"},{"name":"Cancer and Population Studies Group Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control Colindale London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Noel Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control Colindale London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison N.","family":"Fiander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPV Research Group Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology School of Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyne","family":"Pirotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPV Research Group Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam J.","family":"Hibbitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPV Research Group Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarrod","family":"Homer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ned G.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPV Research Group Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.36.4596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.22015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.1713"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6606091"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24339"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Anon. 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