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Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the primary cause of OA, usually managed with acid suppression therapy. However, this often does little to control carcinogenic bile acid reflux. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of OA and its activity is associated with a poor response to chemotherapy, making it an attractive therapeutic target. We sought to decipher the role of different bile acids in NF\u2010\u03baB activation in oesophageal cell lines using short, physiologically relevant exposure times. The effect of an acidic or neutral extracellular pH was investigated concurrently, to mimic <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> conditions associated with or without acid suppression. We found that some bile acids activated NF\u2010\u03baB to a greater extent when combined with acid, whereas others did so in its absence, at neutral pH. The precise composition of an individual's reflux, coupled with whether they are taking acid suppressants may therefore dictate the extent of NF\u2010\u03baB activation in the oesophagus, and hence the likelihood of histological progression and chemotherapy success. Regardless of pH, the kinase inhibitor of \u03baB kinase was pivotal in mediating reflux induced NF\u2010\u03baB activation. Its importance was confirmed further as its increased activation was associated with histological progression in patient samples. We identified further kinases important in acid or bile induced NF\u2010\u03baB signalling in oesophageal cells, which may provide suitable targets for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,16]],"date-time":"2014-06-16T18:28:16Z","timestamp":1402943296000},"page":"527-535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reflux composition influences the level of NF\u2010\u03baB activation and upstream kinase preference in oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"McAdam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.N.","family":"Haboubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University Singleton 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