{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T16:28:03Z","timestamp":1784219283627,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]],"date-time":"2006-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7733,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A study was conducted in northern Iran in areas of very high, high and moderately low incidence of oesophageal cancer. Morphine metabolites in urine as an indicator of opium use, and a variety of nutritional and biochemical measures, including salivary antipyrine half\u2010life, were determined in households with a case of oesophageal cancer and in control households. Results on 1,590 individuals showed that the prevalence of appreciable levels (\u2264 1\u03bc\/ml) of urinary morphine metabolites was much higher in areas of high and very high incidence of oesophageal cancer than in low\u2010incidence areas, particularly for those under age 50 years in both sexes, where a 6\u2010fold difference was seen. Members of households with a case of oesophageal cancer had a higher prevalence of positive urinary morphine metabolite findings than members of control households from the same village. Salivary antipyrine half\u2010life (AP\u2010T 1\/2), as a measure of hepatic drug metabolizing capacity, was estimated in 120 subjects. No relationship was seen with use of opium, region of residence, case\u2010control status of household, age or sex. Experimental studies have meanwhile identified mutagenic substances with carcinogenic potential in opium pipe scrapings, used widely in the study region, opium pyrolysates and morphine pyrolysates. Our data give additional support to the hypothesis that opium use, in the form of its pyrolysates, is one of the factors involved in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910350505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T20:13:41Z","timestamp":1171916021000},"page":"593-597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Oesophageal cancer studies in the caspian littoral of Iran: Some residual results, including opium use as a risk factor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Ghadirian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. F.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Gorodetzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. B.","family":"Roberfroid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. A. T.","family":"Mahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. E.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"934","article-title":"Comparison of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in bronchus, esophagus, colon and duodenum from the same indivdiual","volume":"42","author":"Autrup H.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Metabolism of N\u2010Nitrosamines by cultured human and rat esophagus","volume":"42","author":"Autrup H.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"The GLIM System, Release 3","author":"Baker R. J.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.21.6694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Cancer Congress, Seattle, Washington USA","author":"Chang R. C.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(78)90609-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Screening tests in chemical carcinogenesis","author":"Conney A. H.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"1647","article-title":"Regulation of drug metabolism in man by environmental chemicals and diet","volume":"36","author":"Conney A. H.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1979.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90236-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Danhof M. Antipyrine metabolite profile as a tool in the assessment of the activity of different drug oxidizing enzymes in man. Docioral thesis State University of Leiden Leiden (1980)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Carcinogens and mutagens in the environment, Vol. III: Naturally occurring compounds","author":"Day N. E.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friesen M. O'neill I. K. Malaveille C. Garren L. Bautefeuille A. Cabral J. Galendo D. Lasne C. Sala M. Chouroulinkov I. Mohr U. Turusov V. Day N. E. andBartsch H. Characterization and identification of six mutagens in opium pyrolysates implicated in oesophageal cancer in Iran.Mutation Res.in press (1985).","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(85)90114-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)92218-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. Annual Report 1983 pp.41\u201343 IARC Lyon (1983)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER.Annual Report 1984 pp.41\u201342 IARC Lyon (1984)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/59.4.1127","article-title":"Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian littoral of Iran: results of population studies\u2013a prodrome","volume":"59","author":"IRAN\/IARC STUDY GROUP","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt197925167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Advances in modern human nutrition","author":"Kmet J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"1149","volume-title":"Prevention and detection of cancer, Part II: Detection","author":"Mahboubi E.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1973.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/3.5.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910260514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/4.2.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(83)90156-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Relationship between in vivo and in vitro drug metabolism in man","volume":"1","author":"Sotaniemi E. A.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Europ. J. 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