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Levels of aflatoxin intake were evaluated in dietary samples from households across the country, and crop samples taken from representative farms. Prevalence of hepatitis B markers was estimated from the serum of blood donors, and liver cancer incidence was recorded for the years 1979\u201383 through a national system of cancer registration. Across 4 broad geographic regions, there was a more than 5\u2010fold variation in the estimated daily intake of aflatoxin, ranging from 3.1 to 17.5 \u03bcg. The proportion of HBV\u2010exposed individuals was very high (86% in men), but varied relatively little by geographic region; the prevalence of carriers of the surface antigen was 23% in men, and varied from 21 to 28%. Liver cancer incidence varied over a 5\u2010fold range, and was strongly associated with estimated levels of aflatoxin. In an analysis involving 10 smaller subregions, aflatoxin exposure emerged as a more important determinant of the variation in liver cancer incidence than the prevalence of hepatitis infection. Aflatoxin estimates from crop samples appeared to be a reasonable surrogate for dietary measurements. A comparison with dietary aflatoxin levels measured in an earlier survey in Swaziland suggested that programmes aimed at reducing contamination levels had had some success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910390502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T20:42:43Z","timestamp":1171917763000},"page":"545-553","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Aflatoxin exposure, hepatitis b virus infection and liver cancer in swaziland"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Frank","family":"Peers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kaldor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Linsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Pluijmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197107)28:1<253::AID-CNCR2820280151>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Statistical methods in medical research","author":"Armitage P.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"962","article-title":"A case\u2010control study of hepatocellular carcinoma and the hepatitis B virus, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption","volume":"46","author":"Austin H.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1975.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Baker R. 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