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We have studied, by the same immunohistochemical technique, a series of malignant and non\u2010malignant human breast tissues. Cells composing the desmoplastic reaction were found to express \u03b1\u2010smooth\u2010muscle actin in all the 11 breast carcinomas examined, whereas no immunostain was demonstrated in the stromal cells of 7 breast tissue samples histologically defined as normal. Three of 9 cases of fibrocystic disease showed a minority of positively stained stromal cells, generally in association with epithelial hyperplasia. All the 7 cases of sclerosing adenosis, 3 of 4 cases of diffuse papillomatosis and all 3 intraductal papillomas exhibited a majority of immunoreactive stromal cells. Numerous stromal cells in 3 of 11 circumscribed fibroadenomas analyzed expressed low amounts of \u03b1\u2010smooth\u2010muscle actin. The factor(s) responsible for smooth\u2010muscle differentiation in stromal cells are presently unknown, but the detection of this previously unsuspected stromal cell phenotype in non\u2010malignant mammary tissues might help in characterizing the variant morphological aspects designated under the label \u201cfibrocystic disease\u201d and in understanding the biology of pre\u2010malignant or early malignant lesions of the breast.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910410512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T21:20:20Z","timestamp":1171920020000},"page":"707-712","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":266,"title":["Smooth\u2010muscle differentiation in stromal cells of malignant and non\u2010malignant breast tissues"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"A.\u2010P.","family":"Sappino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Skalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Sch\u00fcrch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Gabbiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"242","volume-title":"Major problems in pathology","author":"Azzopardi J. 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