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The data were analyzed by modelling rate ratio (r) through multiple logistic regression. The main results were as follows: women with invasive adenocarcinoma of the endometrium had earlier menarche (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.82 for every additional year; one\u2010tailed <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> approx. 0.04), later menopause (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 1.50 for a 5\u2010year difference; one\u2010tailed <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> approx. 0.004), and fewer live\u2010born children (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.86 for every additional child; one\u2010tailed <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> approx. 0.08); they were also taller (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 1.33 for a 5\u2010cm difference; one\u2010tailed <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> approx 0.03), whereas weight, adjusted for height, was not a statistically significant risk indicator (one\u2010tailed <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> approx. 0.38). Regular use of combination oral contraceptives was associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.56), whereas intake of menopausal estrogens for more than 6 months was associated with an increased risk (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 2.04); however, because of the low frequency of use of exogenous estrogen preparations in Greece, neither of these 2 results was statistically significant. Tobacco smoking was associated with a significantly reduced risk of endometrial cancer; smoking 15\u201320 cigarettes per day for 20 years was associated with a rate ratio of 0.49 (one\u2010tailed <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> approx. 0.03). The protective effect of tobacco smoking was evident only among post\u2010menopausal women. These results indicate that the risk profile of endometrial cancer is similar in high\u2010risk and low\u2010risk countries, and underline the importance of unopposed estrogenic stimulation in the pathogenesis of this cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910430509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T21:45:49Z","timestamp":1171921549000},"page":"795-799","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["A case\u2010control study of cancer of endometrium in athens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Yvonni","family":"Koumantaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Tzonou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Koumantakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Kaklamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionisios","family":"Aravantinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Trichopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197901043000103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"The GLIM system; Release 3","author":"Baker R. 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