{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:37:42Z","timestamp":1790879862485,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]],"date-time":"2006-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6120,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A case\u2010control study of cancer of the oral tongue and floor of mouth was conducted in Kerala, Southern India, on 228 cases and 453 hospital\u2010based controls, matched for age, sex and religion. We studied pan(betel)\u2010tobacco\u2010chewing, bidi (local type of cigarette)\u2010and\u2010cigarette\u2010smoking, alcohol\u2010drinking and snuff use, for their associations with risk, in males. Among females, only pan\u2010tobacco\u2010chewing was analyzed, as very few females indulged in the other habits. In males, a significantly increased risk was observed in association with pan\u2010tobacco\u2010chewing, bidi\u2010smoking, bidi\u2010plus\u2010cigarette\u2010smoking (but not cigarette\u2010smoking alone) and alcohol\u2010drinking (p &lt; 0.001 in all cases), although the effect of alcohol was no longer significant when adjusted for the other significant predisposing factors. Among females, pan\u2010tobacco\u2010chewing had a similar predisposing effect to that observed in males (p &lt; 0.001). In males an adjusted relative risk of 6.14 was associated with chewing 10 or more pan\u2010tobacco quids per day (relative to those who never chewed). The corresponding relative risk in females was 9.27. In males, an adjusted relative risk of 7.46 was observed for those smoking 20 or more bidis per day (relative to never\u2010smokers).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910440410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T16:39:55Z","timestamp":1171903195000},"page":"617-621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["A case\u2010control investigation of cancer of the oral tongue and the floor of the mouth in Southern India"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Sankaranarayanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Krishnan","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Padmakumary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","series-title":"1ARC Scientific Publications. 32","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Statistical methods in cancer research","author":"Breslow N. E.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910340504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/59.6.1611","article-title":"Dentition, diet, tobacco and alcohol in the epidemiology of oral cancer","volume":"59","author":"Graham S.","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. nat. Cancer. Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of oral and pharyngeal cancer in Central and South East Asia","volume":"34","author":"Hirayama T.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bull. WHO"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","series-title":"IARC monograph. 37","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, tobacco habits other than smoking: betel quid and arecanut chewing; and some related nitrosamines","author":"IARC","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","series-title":"IARC monograph. 44","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk to humans: alcohol drinking","author":"IARC","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Annual reports of National Cancer Registry Project of India (NCRP)","author":"ICMR","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197107)28:1<244::AID-CNCR2820280150>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910430203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Clinical profile of 2007 oral cancers in Kerala. India","volume":"47","author":"Nair M. Krishnan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Dent."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.42.2.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Role of diet in the cancers of the oral cavity","volume":"13","author":"Notani P. N.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Indian J. Cancer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)18622-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankaranarayanan R. Oral cancer in India: an epidemiologic and clinical review. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Path (in press) (1989).","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(90)90294-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Sankaranarayanan R. Duffy S. W. Padmakumary G. Day N. E.andPadmanabhan T. K. Tobacco chewing alcohol and nasal snuff in cancer of the gingiva in Kerala. India. Brit. J. 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