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A total of 96 HCC cases (86.5% of them with associated liver cirrhosis) and 190 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls were studied. The odds ratio of HCC and 95% confidence interval among hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers was 4.9 (1.3\u201021.9). The OR was not significantly elevated in smokers, and a marginally significant increased risk was found among users of oral contraceptives based on 6 female cases. There was a significant dose\u2010response relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of HCC (X<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for trend: 24.3, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Although hepatitis B infection was strongly associated with HCC, alcohol abuse leading to cirrhosis appears to be one of the main causes of HCC in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910460307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T22:16:13Z","timestamp":1171923373000},"page":"378-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in catalonia, spain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"M Vall","family":"Mayans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Calvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Bruix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bruguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Est\u00e8ve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. 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