{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T09:54:56Z","timestamp":1791107696657,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]],"date-time":"2006-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5586,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of cancer, or the mortality attributed to it, has been compared in urban and rural residents in 13 populations. In each case, the incidence (or mortality) has been higher in the urban areas in each sex, the ratios varying from a minimum of 1.03 to I in men in Japan to 1.63 to I in men in Denmark. Examination of 26 separate types of cancer showed that 23 tended to be more common in towns, I (myeloma) to be evenly distributed, and 2 (cancers of the lip and eye) to be more common in the countryside. The urban excess was greatest for cancers of the bladder, larynx, liver, lung, mouth and pharynx, and oesophagus, and least for leukaemia and non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is concluded that differences in personal behaviour (cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, sexual promiscuity, exposure to ultraviolet light, type of diet, and family size) are the principal factors responsible for the urban excess. Other factors include general atmospheric pollution, occupational hazards, genetic differences in susceptibility, and artefacts of diagnosis and recording. The rural excess was marked for cancer of the lip in both sexes, but less marked and clearly evident only in men for cancer of the eye. Three\u2010quarters of eye cancers are melanomas and the excess incidence in rural areas provides some weak support for the idea that exposure to sunlight contributes to the production of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910470602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T22:03:27Z","timestamp":1171922607000},"page":"803-810","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Urban and rural factors in the aetiology of cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Doll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Andersen A.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","series-title":"IARC Publication 42","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Andersen A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Bolba R.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3428541"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Basic tables, Denmark 1943\u201057","author":"Clemmesen J.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Statistical studies in malignant neoplasms. I. Review and results","author":"Clemmesen J.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Statistical studies in malignant neoplasms. III","author":"Clemmesen J.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","series-title":"National Institute Monograph 41","volume-title":"Third national cancer survey: incidence data","author":"Cutler S. J.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635588209513738"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Ford J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","series-title":"IARC Publication 42","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Ford J.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","series-title":"IARC Publication 42","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Fujimoto I.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1751-7_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"The Registrar\u2010General's Statistical Review for England and Wales, 1968","author":"General Register Office","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"5773","article-title":"Uveal melanoma in relation to ultraviolet light exposure and host factors","volume":"50","author":"Holly E. A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"651","article-title":"A theory of the etiology and pathogenesis of human cutaneous malignant melanoma","volume":"71","author":"Holman D. C. J.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Persons at high risk of cancer","author":"Hoover R.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: tobacco smoking","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Alcohol drinking","author":"International Agency for Research ON Cancer","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Juhasz L.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","series-title":"IARC Publication 42","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Kuratsune M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Levi F.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Muir C.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"The Registrar\u2010General's Statistical Review for England and Wales, 1969, 1970, and 1971","author":"Office of Population Censuses and Surveys","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publications 15","first-page":"328","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Pedersen E.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Persons at high risk of cancer: an approach to cancer etiology and control","author":"Pike M. C.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","series-title":"IARC Publication 42","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Ple\u0161ko I.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Ple\u0161ko I.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Robillard J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","series-title":"IARC Publication 42","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Sax\u00e9n E.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","series-title":"IARC Publication 42","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Schaffer P.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Schraub S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","series-title":"IARC Publication 42","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Schraub S.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","series-title":"IARC Publication 42","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Segi M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Segi M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1983.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Swerdlow A. J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198509263131305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 42","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Waterhouse J.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 78","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Ziegler H.","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fijc.2910470602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.2910470602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:19:56Z","timestamp":1698020396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijc.2910470602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijc.2910470602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.2910470602","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7136","1097-0215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7136","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]}}}