{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:42:15Z","timestamp":1789389735505,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]],"date-time":"2006-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5199,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies on lifestyle\u2010related mechanisms involved in cardiovascular risk offer important clues for a better understanding of breast\u2010cancer epidemiology. Central body\u2010fat distribution promoted by an affluent dietary intake and a sedentary lifestyle over many years is related to elevated serum triglycerides and free fatty acids, with lower levels of sex\u2010hormone\u2010binding globulin (SHBG). The resulting greater availability of estradiol not bound to SHBG could help to explain the high breast\u2010cancer incidence in Western industrialized countries.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We conducted a case\u2010control study comparing 225 women aged 38 to 75 years with operable (stage I or II) breast cancer and 441 women of the same age having no breast cancer who participated in a population\u2010based breast\u2010cancer screening program. Body fatness, as measured by body mass index (BMI), fat distribution as measured by waist\u2010to\u2010hip girth ratio (WHR), body height, serum lipids, SHBG and the available fraction of estradiol were analyzed in a conditional logistic regression, together with family history for breast cancer, reproductive history and smoking.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Post\u2010menopausal cases showed no difference in body fatness (BMI), but a significant preponderance of central adiposity (WHR). In contrast, pre\u2010menopausal cases were significantly leaner, but had a similar body\u2010fat distribution as compared with controls. In all women, WHR, and less strongly BMI, was positively correlated with serum levels of triglycerides and available estradiol fractions. An independent, positive linear correlation between body height and relative risk (RR) was observed. Moreover, a significant correlation between SHBG and menarcheal age was seen in cases, but not in controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These data support our hypothesis that lifestyle relates to breast\u2010cancer risk by metabolic\u2010endocrine mechanisms which modulate the availability of individual sex\u2010steroid concentrations in plasma. The findings of height as a risk factor and adult SHBG levels being correlated with menarcheal age suggest that lifestyle factors promoting breast\u2010cancer development already act around puberty. The leanness of pre\u2010menopausal cases awaits further explanation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910510104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T22:38:56Z","timestamp":1171924736000},"page":"14-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Body measurements, estrogen availability and the risk of human breast cancer: A case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"P. F.","family":"Bruning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M. G.","family":"Bonfr\u00e8r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A. M.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. A. 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