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HPV types 16 and 18 were detected in 38% and 32%, respectively, of 50 cervical\u2010carcinoma biopsies. A consensus primer PCR capable of detecting a broad spectrum of HPV types revealed the presence of HPV\u2010DNA in 59% of 359 cervical swabs of non\u2010cancer patients. Type\u2010specific PCR showed that types 16 and 18 accounted for 13.2% and 17.5%, respectively, of all HPV infections. Therefore we concluded that HPV 18 is more prevalent in Tanzania than in any other geographical location so far reported. The strongest risk factors for the presence of any HPV\u2010DNA in the 359 female non\u2010cancer patients were young age and HIV infection. The epidemiology of HPV types 16 and 18 was found to differ from that of other HPV types, being associated in univariate analysis with trichomonas vaginalis infection, marital status (single\/divorced), age at first intercourse, and young age at menarche. However, young age at menarche accounted for most of the effects of all other variables in multivariate analysis. Of the non\u2010cancer patients, 12.8% had antibodies against HIV I (no patient being severely symptomatic), and HIV infection was highly correlated with the presence of HPV\u2010DNA, especially types 16 and 18. While HPV\u2010DNA of any type was detectable 1.4\u2010fold more often in HIV\u2010positive patients than in HIV\u2010negative patients, evidence of an infection with HPV types 16 or 18 was found 2.2\u2010fold more often in the HIV\u2010positive patients. The HIV\u2010positive women did not show an increased rate of cervical cytological abnormalities as assessed by PAP staining of a single cervical smear, the overall rate of abnormalities being 2.8%. Furthermore, the age\u2010adjusted prevalence of HIV antibodies was found to be considerably lower in 270 cervical\u2010carcinoma patients (3% HIV\u2010positive) in comparison with non\u2010cancer patients. Thus there was no association observable between the prevalence of HIV infections and the frequency of cervical cytological abnormalities or cervical cancer in the setting of this cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910510403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T22:56:19Z","timestamp":1171925779000},"page":"515-521","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, hiv infection and cervical cancer in Tanzania, East Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"J. Ter","family":"Meulen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. C.","family":"Eberhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Luande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. 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