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To evaluate the effects of life\u2010style related metabolic\u2010endocrine factors on breast cancer risk we conducted a case\u2010control study comparing 223 women aged 38 to 75 years presenting with operable (stage I or II) breast cancer and 441 women of the same age having no breast cancer, who participated in a population\u2010based breast cancer screening program. Women reporting diabetes mellitus were excluded. Sera from 110 women of the same age group presenting with early stage melanoma, lymphoma or cervical cancer were used as a second \u2018other\u2010cancer control group\u2019.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Serum levels of C\u2010peptide were significantly higher in early breast cancer cases compared to controls. The same was found for the ratios C\u2010peptide to glucose or C\u2010peptide to fructosamine, indicating insulin resistance. Sex hormone binding globulin was inversely, triglycerides and available estradiol were positively related to C\u2010peptide. Serum C\u2010peptide levels were related to body mass index (BMI), and to waist\/hip ratio (WHR), in particular in controls. However, the relative increase of C\u2010peptide, C\u2010peptide to glucose or C\u2010peptide to fructosamine in cases was independent of BMI or WHR. The log relative risk was linearly related to the log C\u2010peptide levels. Relative risk according to quintiles, and adjusted for age, family history, BMI and WHR, for women at the 80% level was 2.9 as compared with those at the 20% level for C\u2010peptide. Elevated C\u2010peptide or C\u2010peptide to fructosamine values were not observed in the sera from women belonging to the \u2018other\u2010cancer control group\u2019.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This study suggests that hyperinsulinemia with insulin resistance is a significant risk factor for breast cancer independent of general adiposity or body fat distribution. \u00a9 1992 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910520402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T22:50:29Z","timestamp":1171925429000},"page":"511-516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":284,"title":["Insulin resistance and breast\u2010cancer risk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Peter F.","family":"Bruning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes M. 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