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Cases were 405 women with histologically confirmed invasive epithelial endometrial cancer first treated at one of 7 participating hospitals. A total of 297 population\u2010based controls of similar age, race, and geographic area were selected as a comparison group. Information on exposure factors was derived from in\u2010person interviews. Combination\u2010type oral contraceptive (COC) use was associated with a significant reduction in risk of endometrial cancer, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.4 (95% confidence interval 0.3 to 0.7) for ever compared to never use. Long\u2010term (\u2265 10 years) users experienced a markedly lower risk (OR = 0.2). Women who discontinued COC use \u226520 years earlier remained at reduced risk (OR = 0.7) compared with non\u2010users. The negative association with COC use was apparent regardless of the presence or level of several other risk factors for endometrial cancer, including age, menopausal status, parity, obesity, ever\u2010use of menopausal estrogens, smoking history, or history of infertility. The magnitude of the negative association observed in COC users, however, was considerably diminished in women with no full\u2010term births and in women who subsequently used replacement estrogens for 3 or more years. These results provide new evidence that the protective effect of COC use lasts for 20 or more years after use is discontinued, and highlight several sub\u2010groups of users in whom the level of protection is attenuated by the presence of other risk factors for this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910540214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T23:09:33Z","timestamp":1171926573000},"page":"243-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer: Do other risk factors modify the association?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Janet L.","family":"Stanford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise A.","family":"Brinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert N.","family":"Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigue","family":"Mortel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo B.","family":"Twiggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolland J.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George D.","family":"Wilbanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90869-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 32","volume-title":"The analysis of case\u2010control studies","author":"Breslow N. 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