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Among women born between 1925 and 1960, 257 cases of gall\u2010bladder cancer recorded in the Cancer Registry between 1958 and 1984 were compared with 1,285 controls, age\u2010matched to cases in a 5:1 ratio. In addition, 60 cases of extrahepatic\u2010bile\u2010duct cancer were matched with 300 controls. There was a positive association between number of live births and risk of gall\u2010bladder cancer (p 0.06), but simultaneous consideration of parity and age at first birth revealed a more complex picture. Parity increases the risk for cancer of the gall bladder when the first birth occurs before the age of about 25 years, whereas parity associated with first birth after the age of about 30 years is associated with reduced risk for the disease. Thus, among parous women there is a highly significant inverse association of age at first birth with risk for gall\u2010bladder cancer after adjustment for number of live births. Variable levels of pregnancy estrogens according to maternal age and variable effects of parity on non\u2010pregnancy estrogens by age, may explain the observed pattern. The results on extrahepatic\u2010bile\u2010duct cancer, parity and age at first birth did not indicate the existence of an association in either direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910540613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]],"date-time":"2007-02-19T23:52:02Z","timestamp":1171929122000},"page":"941-944","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Parity and cancers of the gall bladder and the extrahepatic bile ducts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Mats","family":"Lambe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Trichopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung\u2010Cheng","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Ekbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Olov","family":"Adami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication 32","volume-title":"Statistical methods in cancer research. 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