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The study revealed that the high prevalence of oral cancer in the Sudan is largely due to chronic use of toombak. The adjusted ORs associated with toombak dipping for the first case group, cancer of the lip, buccal cavity and floor of mouth in comparison with the hospital and population control groups, were 7.3 and 3.9 (95% confidence limits, 4.3\u201312.4 and 2.9\u20135.3) respectively and among long\u2010term users the adjusted ORs were 11.0 and 4.3 (95% confidence limits, 4.8\u201325.1 and 2.9\u20136.3) respectively. The elevated risk found when investigating intra\u2010oral cancers of sites in direct contact with toombak quid compared to those with little or no contact, confirms the hypothesis that direct contact with tissues is an important factor in tobacco carcinogenesis in the mouth. The increased risk associated with the use of toombak is of particular concern in view of its wide consumption in the Sudan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910630402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,20]],"date-time":"2007-02-20T01:11:41Z","timestamp":1171933901000},"page":"477-480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Toombak dipping and cancer of the oral cavity in the Sudan: A case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"A. M.","family":"Idris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. O. 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