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Several pathological conditions during pregnancy have also been associated with subsequent altered cancer risk in the mother. Hyperemesis gravidarum (hyperemesis) is an early pregnancy condition characterized by severe nausea and vomiting resulting in weight loss and metabolic disturbances. Studies have reported associations between hyperemesis and cancer, but results are inconsistent. In this nested case\u2010control study we linked the population\u2010based medical birth registries and cancer registries in Norway, Sweden and Denmark in order to examine overall cancer risk and risk of specific cancer types in women with a history of hyperemesis, using conditional logistic regression. In total, 168,501 cases of cancer in addition to up to 10 cancer\u2010free controls per case were randomly sampled, matched on year of birth and birth registry (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091,721,626). Hyperemesis was defined through the International Classification of Diseases. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Hyperemesis was inversely associated with overall cancer risk with adjusted relative risk (aRR) of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.88\u20130.99), with cancer in the lungs (aRR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.44\u20130.81), cervix (aRR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49\u20130.91) and rectum (aRR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.29\u20130.78). Thyroid cancer was positively associated with hyperemesis (aRR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.06\u20131.99) and risk increased with more than one hyperemetic pregnancy (aRR 1.80, 95% CI: 1.23\u20132.63). Hormonal factors, in particular human chorionic gonadotropin, are likely to be involved in mediating these effects. This study is the first to systematically address these associations and provides valuable knowledge on potential long\u2010term consequences of hyperemesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]],"date-time":"2015-02-09T08:56:29Z","timestamp":1423472189000},"page":"1209-1216","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Hyperemesis gravidarum and maternal cancer risk, a scandinavian nested case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Kathrine F.","family":"Vandraas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Advisory Unit for Women'S Health Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Genes and Environment Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrej M.","family":"Grjibovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Public Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine International Kazakh\u2010Turkish University Turkestan Kazakhstan"},{"name":"International School of Public Health Northern State Medical University Arkhangelsk Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie C.","family":"St\u00f8er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Troisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olof","family":"Stephansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women and Children'S Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology Karolinska University Hospital and Institute Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Gulbech","family":"Ording","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siri","family":"Vangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Advisory Unit for Women'S Health Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Grotmol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Registry of Norway Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c5se V.","family":"Vikanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genes and Environment Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"},{"name":"The Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"2345","article-title":"Parity and kidney cancer risk: evidence from epidemiologic studies. 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