{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:20:37Z","timestamp":1784604037267,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,10]],"date-time":"2016-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)\/National Cancer Institute (NCI)","award":["R01 CA144034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA144034"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)\/National Cancer Institute (NCI)","award":["UM1 CA182876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 CA182876"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric cancer incidence varies greatly worldwide, but is consistently twice as high in men than in women. The hormone\u2010related factors hypothesized to be associated with lower risk of gastric cancer in women have not been fully explored in populations with a high background risk of gastric cancer. The Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) is a prospective cohort study in which 34,022 of the participants enrolled between 1993 and 1998 were women between 45 and 74 years of age. Information on reproductive histories, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptive (OC) use was collected through in\u2010person interviews at baseline. As of December 31, 2013, 269 incident gastric cancer cases were identified. Multivariable\u2010adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate gastric cancer risk associations. Older age at natural menopause (\u226555 <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> &lt;45 years: HR\u2009=\u20090.50, 95% CI: 0.25\u20130.99), type of menopause (other <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> natural: HR\u2009=\u20090.48, 95% CI: 0.27\u20130.87) and greater years of menstrual cycling (fourth <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> first quartile: HR\u2009=\u20090.67, 95% CI: 0.46\u20130.96) were associated with a decreased risk of gastric cancer. Ever use of OCs and HRT was also associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer; the multivariable\u2010adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 0.40 (0.17\u20130.90) for use of HRT &gt;3 years and 0.67 (0.47\u20130.94) for ever use of OCs, compared with never use. Reproductive factors associated with a longer window of fertility and the use of exogenous hormones were shown to reduce gastric cancer development in a cohort of Chinese women with a high background risk of gastric cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]],"date-time":"2016-02-02T08:24:42Z","timestamp":1454401482000},"page":"2837-2845","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Reproductive factors, hormone use and gastric cancer risk: The Singapore Chinese Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Zhensheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley M.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna H.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Keck School of Medicine, University of South California Los Angeles CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woon\u2010Puay","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aizhen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Registry of Diseases Office, Health Promotion Board  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian\u2010Min","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2013.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70137-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-008-9132-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2009.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s101200200037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]","author":"Ferlay J","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26236"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0834"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e3282f521e4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.129411"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24880"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"890","article-title":"Dietary cryptoxanthin and reduced risk of lung cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study","volume":"12","author":"Yuan JM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914nc392_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"Singapore Cancer Registry Interim Annual Report. 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