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Never\u2010 or under\u2010screened Victorian women aged 30\u201369 years, not pregnant and with no prior hysterectomy were eligible. Within each stratum (never\u2010screened and under\u2010screened), we randomly allocated 7,140 women to self\u2010sampling and 1,020 to Pap test reminders. The self\u2010sampling kit comprised a nylon tipped flocked swab enclosed in a dry plastic tube. The primary outcome was participation, as indicated by returning a swab or undergoing a Pap test; the secondary outcome, for women in the self\u2010sampling arm with a positive HPV test, was undergoing appropriate clinical investigation. The Roche Cobas\u00ae 4800 test was used to measure presence of HPV DNA. Participation was higher for the self\u2010sampling arm: 20.3 versus 6.0% for never\u2010screened women (absolute difference 14.4%, 95% CI: 12.6\u201316.1%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 11.5 versus 6.4% for under\u2010screened women (difference 5.1%, 95% CI: 3.4\u20136.8%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Of the 1,649 women who returned a swab, 45 (2.7%) were positive for HPV16\/18 and 95 (5.8%) were positive for other high\u2010risk HPV types. Within 6 months, 28 (62.2%) women positive for HPV16\/18 had colposcopy as recommended and nine (20%) had cytology only. Of women positive for other high\u2010risk HPV types, 78 (82.1%) had a Pap test as recommended. HPV self\u2010sampling improves participation in cervical screening for never\u2010 and under\u2010screened women and most women with HPV detected have appropriate clinical investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]],"date-time":"2016-02-06T10:41:12Z","timestamp":1454755272000},"page":"281-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Home\u2010based HPV self\u2010sampling improves participation by never\u2010screened and under\u2010screened women: Results from a large randomized trial (iPap) in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Farhana","family":"Sultana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dallas R.","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne  Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly T.","family":"Drennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Cervical Cytology Registry Victorian Cytology Service, East Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia M.L.","family":"Brotherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne  Victoria Australia"},{"name":"National HPV Vaccination Program Register Victorian Cytology Service, East Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. David","family":"Wrede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Dysplasia The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville  Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology The University of Melbourne, Carlton  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Heley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Cytology Service Carlton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Saville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology The University of Melbourne, Carlton  Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Cytology Service Carlton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota M.","family":"Gertig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne  Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Cervical Cytology Registry Victorian Cytology Service, East Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Victorian Cervical Cytology Registry (VCCR). 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