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One possible explanation is the expanding use of sex steroids among women, although only a few studies have examined this hypothesis. As part of a population\u2010based, case\u2013control study of women in New Hampshire, USA, we sought to evaluate the risk of SCC, BCC, and early\u2010onset BCC in relation to exogenous and endogenous sex hormones. We found that oral contraceptive (OC) use was associated with an increased risk of SCC (OR\u2009=\u20091.4, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.1\u20131.8) and BCC (OR\u2009=\u20091.4, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.0\u20101.8), particularly high estrogen dose (&gt;50 mg) OC use. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use also related to SCC, with an elevated OR largely for progestin use (OR\u2009=\u20091.4, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.1\u20131.8). Additionally, both OC use and combination HRT use were associated with more aggressive BCC subtypes. In contrast, menstrual and reproductive history did not appear to influence keratinocyte cancer risk in our data. Our findings provide evidence that use of sex steroids may enhance risk of keratinocyte cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,5]],"date-time":"2016-03-05T15:40:06Z","timestamp":1457192406000},"page":"300-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Sex hormones and the risk of keratinocyte cancers among women in the United States: A population\u2010based case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Lawrence F.","family":"Kuklinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth  Lebanon NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Zens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth  Lebanon NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann 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