{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T21:57:23Z","timestamp":1774475843966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]],"date-time":"2016-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The most common treatment modality is laser vaporisation, but recurrences are common. Imiquimod is an immune response modulator which is used for the treatment of external condylomas and other HPV\u2010related genital neoplasias. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of vaginally administered imiquimod in comparison with laser vaporisation and expectant management of high\u2010grade VAIN. This proof of principle pilot study was a prospective 16\u2010week randomised trial. We enrolled 30 patients with histologically confirmed VAIN 2 or 3 into three study arms: vaginally administered imiquimod, laser vaporisation and expectant management. Follow\u2010up colposcopy visits included high\u2010risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing, cytology and punch biopsies. At baseline 77% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920\/26) of the patients were hrHPV positive. HPV clearance was significantly higher in the imiquimod arm (63%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095\/8) than in the laser arm (11%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091\/9) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05) or in the expectant management arm (17%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091\/6) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.138). At baseline 25 patients (83%) had VAIN 2 and five (17%) had VAIN 3. None of the lesions progressed during the follow\u2010up. Histological regression (\u2264VAIN 1) was observed in 80% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098\/10) of patients in the imiquimod arm, 100% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910\/10) of the laser arm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.474) and 67% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096\/9) of the expectant management arm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.628). Vaginal imiquimod appears to be as effective as laser treatment in high\u2010grade VAIN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]],"date-time":"2016-07-18T23:06:55Z","timestamp":1468883215000},"page":"2353-2358","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Randomised trial on treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia\u2014Imiquimod, laser vaporisation and expectant management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Karoliina","family":"Tainio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maija","family":"Jakobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Louvanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Turku University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilkka","family":"Kalliala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital"},{"name":"Imperial College London, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery &amp; Cancer"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Paavonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"Nieminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Riska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(77)90091-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)80018-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours of Female Reproductive Organs. 4th edn. vol. 6 2014. 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