{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T18:35:56Z","timestamp":1768070156209,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetable and fruit consumption may have a protective effect against several types of cancers. However, the effect on biliary cancers is unclear. We investigated the association of vegetable\/fruit consumption with the risks of gallbladder cancer (GBC), intrahepatic bile duct cancer (IHBDC) and extrahepatic bile duct cancer (EHBDC) in a population\u2010based prospective cohort study in Japan. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model, and the exposure level was categorized into quartiles, with the lowest group used as the reference. A total of 80,371 people aged 45 to 74 years were enrolled between 1995 and 1999, and followed up for 1,158,632 person\u2010years until 2012, during which 133 GBC, 99 IHBDC, and 161 EHBDC cases were identified. Increased consumption of total vegetable and fruit was significantly associated with a decreased risk of EHBDC (HR\u2009=\u20090.49; 95% CI: 0.29\u20130.81 for the highest group; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> trend\u2009=\u20090.005). From the analysis of relevant nutrients, significantly decreased risk of EHBDC was associated with folate and insoluble fiber (HR\u2009=\u20090.48, 0.53; 95% CI: 0.28\u20130.85, 0.31\u20130.88 for the highest group; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> trend\u2009=\u20090.010, 0.023; respectively), and a significant trend of decreased EHBDC risk associated with vitamin C was observed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> trend\u2009=\u20090.029). No decreased risk of GBC and IHBDC was found. Our findings suggest that increased vegetable\/fruit consumption may decrease a risk of EHBDC, and folate, vitamin C, and insoluble fiber might be key contributors to the observed protective effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T14:18:04Z","timestamp":1480429084000},"page":"1009-1019","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The relationship between vegetable\/fruit consumption and gallbladder\/bile duct cancer: A population\u2010based cohort study in <scp>J<\/scp>apan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Makiuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomotaka","family":"Sobue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuhisa","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Ishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutritional Sciences Graduate School of Sagami Women's University Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norie","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Prevention Group Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Chuo\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Prevention Group Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Chuo\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shizuka","family":"Sasazuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Prevention Group Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Chuo\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taiki","family":"Yamaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Prevention Group Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Chuo\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taichi","family":"Shimazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Prevention Group Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Chuo\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Tsugane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Prevention Group Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Chuo\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective","author":"World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"World Cancer Research Fund. Continuous Update Project findings & reports. Available at:http:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/int\/research-we-fund\/continuous-update-project-findings-reports. Last accessed May 14 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"National Cancer Center. Cancer statics in Japan \u2013 2015. Updated on 30 March2016. Available at:http:\/\/ganjoho.jp\/reg_stat\/statistics\/brochure\/backnumber\/2015_jp.html. Last accessed May 14 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-007-9067-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"932","article-title":"A case\u2010control study of biliary tract cancer in Niigata Prefecture, Japan","volume":"80","author":"Kato K","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1995.1094"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"833","article-title":"A case\u2010control study of gallbladder cancer in hungary","volume":"10","author":"Nakadaira H","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e32835f3b45"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"251","article-title":"Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in Khon Kaen, Thailand: a nested case\u2010control study","volume":"10","author":"Poomphakwaen K","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cej.0000197454.87356.4c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910510508"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyu096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm263"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.13.1sup_57"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.13.1sup_134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.13.1sup_115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"The Council for Science and Technology Ministry of Education Sports Science and Technology Japan. Standard tables of food composition in Japan 5th revised and enlarged edn. Tokyo: National Printing Bureau 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.16.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195122978.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12843"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. Personal habits and indoor combustions. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to human Vol. 100E. Lyon: IARC 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-011-9754-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212243272602"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(98)00074-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"4229","article-title":"Polymorphisms of 5,10\u2010methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T) and thymidylate synthase enhancer region (TSER) as a risk factor of cholangiocarcinoma in a Korean population","volume":"26","author":"Ko KH","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"3361","article-title":"Thymidylate synthase promoter polymorphism, interaction with folate intake, and risk of colorectal adenomas","volume":"62","author":"Ulrich CM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.6.1310s"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.16.6377"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.24.9748"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"258","article-title":"Nutritional approaches to prevention and treatment of gallstones","volume":"14","author":"Gaby AR.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-9-74"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"[Effects of vitamin C administration on cholesterol gallstone formation]","volume":"142","author":"del Pozo R","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.189670"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.089581"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"739","article-title":"Determinants of circulating insulin\u2010like growth factor I and insulin\u2010like growth factor binding protein 3 concentrations in a cohort of Singapore men and women","volume":"12","author":"Probst\u2010Hensch NM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i12.1519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002720"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.123604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds434"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071357"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i46.8780"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fijc.30492","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.30492","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T22:12:14Z","timestamp":1696371134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijc.30492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijc.30492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.30492","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7136","1097-0215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7136","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]]}}}