{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:04:35Z","timestamp":1790291075518,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA092824, CA074386, CA090578, and ES00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA092824, CA074386, CA090578, and ES00002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000015","name":"Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["020214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["020214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA87895, P30CA022453, and HHSN261201300011I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA87895, P30CA022453, and HHSN261201300011I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Many clinical features of lung cancer are different in women and men. Sex steroid hormones exert effects in nonreproductive organs, such as the lungs. The association between menstrual and childbearing factors and the risk of lung cancer among women is still debated. We performed a pooled analysis of eight studies contributing to the International Lung Cancer Consortium (4,386 cases and 4,177 controls). Pooled associations between menstrual or reproductive factors and lung cancer were estimated using multivariable unconditional logistic regression. Subgroup analyses were done for menopause status, smoking habits and histology. We found no strong support for an association of age at menarche and at menopause with lung cancer, but peri\/postmenopausal women were at higher risk compared to premenopausal (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11\u20131.93). Premenopausal women showed increased risks associated with parity (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.03\u20132.93) and number of children (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.21\u20136.93 for more than 3 children;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    for trend 0.01) and decreased with breastfeeding (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.30\u20130.98). In contrast, peri\/postmenopausal subjects had ORs around unity for the same exposures. No major effect modification was exerted by smoking status or cancer histology. Menstrual and reproductive factors may play a role in the genesis of lung cancer, yet the mechanisms are unclear, and smoking remains the most important modifiable risk factor. More investigations in large well\u2010designed studies are needed to confirm these findings and to clarify the underlying mechanisms of gender differences in lung cancer risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T05:33:13Z","timestamp":1493098393000},"page":"309-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Menstrual and reproductive factors and lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis from the international lung cancer consortium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3497-9507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumaya","family":"Ben Khedher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, Universit\u00e9 Paris Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM Villejuif 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School Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis C","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Olivo\u2010Marston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann G.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit 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J.","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld\u2010Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lunenfeld\u2010Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5256-0163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J","family":"Duell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Lebanon  NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeline S.","family":"Andrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Lebanon  NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Orlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard J.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Oncology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai\u2010Uwe","family":"Saum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical 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