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Many cancers develop because of exposure to lifestyle and environmental factors that are potentially modifiable. We aimed to quantify the proportions and numbers of cancer deaths and cases in Australia in 2013 attributable to 20 modifiable factors in eight broad groupings that are established causes of cancer, namely: tobacco smoke (smoking and second\u2010hand), dietary factors (low intake of fruit, non\u2010starchy vegetables and dietary fibre; and high intake of red and processed meat), overweight\/obesity, alcohol, physical inactivity, solar ultraviolet radiation, infections (seven agents), and reproductive factors (lack of breastfeeding, menopausal hormone therapy use, combined oral contraceptive use). We estimated population attributable fractions (PAF) using standard formulae incorporating exposure prevalence and relative risk data. Of all cancer deaths in Australia in 2013, approximately 38% overall (males 41%, females 34%) could be attributed to the factors assessed; the corresponding PAF for cancer cases was 33% (males 34%, females 32%). Tobacco smoke was the leading cause of cancer deaths and cases, with PAFs of 23 and 13%, respectively, followed by dietary factors (5% deaths\/5% cases), overweight\/obesity (5%\/4%) and infections (5%\/3%). Cancer sites with the highest numbers of potentially preventable deaths\/cases were lung (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096,776\/9,272), colorectum (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091,974\/7,380) and cutaneous melanoma (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091,390\/7,918). We estimate that about 16,700 cancer deaths and 41,200 cancer cases could be prevented in Australia each year if people's exposures to 20 causal factors were aligned with levels recommended to minimise cancer risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T08:28:43Z","timestamp":1507278523000},"page":"691-701","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["How many cancer cases and deaths are potentially preventable? Estimates for Australia in 2013"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"142","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8709-8968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise F.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston  QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Antonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston  QLD Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele C.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston  QLD Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia"},{"name":"Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston  QLD Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston  QLD Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Nagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston  QLD Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston  QLD Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston  QLD Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope M.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston  QLD Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Whiteman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston  QLD Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Herston Road The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australian Burden of Disease Study: Impact and causes of illness and death in Australia 2011. 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