{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T22:59:44Z","timestamp":1771628384261,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]],"date-time":"2018-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Excessive lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation increases gastro\u2010oesophageal acid reflux, an oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk factor. Medications that relax this sphincter (benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, \u03b22 agonists and xanthines) could promote cancer. These medications were investigated in two independent datasets. In the Scottish Primary Care Clinical Informatics Unit (PCCIU) database, a nested case\u2013control study of oesophageal cancer was performed using GP prescription records. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for medication use and oesophageal cancer. In UK Biobank, a cohort study was conducted using self\u2010reported medication use. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for medication use and oesophageal cancer, and by tumour subtype. Overall, 1,979 oesophageal cancer patients were matched to 9,543 controls in PCCIU, and 355 of 475,768 participants developed oesophageal cancer in UK Biobank. None of the medications investigated were significantly associated with oesophageal cancer risk apart from \u03b22 agonists, which were associated with increased oesophageal cancer risk in PCCIU (adjusted OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.12, 1.70) but not in UK Biobank (adjusted HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.70, 2.08). Medications that relax the lower oesophageal sphincter were not associated with oesophageal cancer, apart from \u03b22 agonists. This increased cancer risk in \u03b22 agonist users merits further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,3]],"date-time":"2018-02-03T08:12:47Z","timestamp":1517645567000},"page":"22-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Medications that relax the lower oesophageal sphincter and risk of oesophageal cancer: An analysis of two independent population\u2010based databases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"143","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Spence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast Belfast Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4831-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Busby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast Belfast Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Murchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Primary Care, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Kunzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast Belfast Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6391-8893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00dana C.","family":"McMenamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast Belfast Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen G.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast Belfast Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belfast Health and Social Care Trust Belfast Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"O'Rorke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast Belfast Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liam J.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast Belfast Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Primary Care, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Statistics Team, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris R.","family":"Cardwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast Belfast Northern Ireland United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. 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