{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:22:10Z","timestamp":1790378530403,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/igo\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004431","name":"Fondation de France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00039621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00039621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the association between HIV infection and cancer risk in Rwanda approximately a decade after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (cART). All persons seeking cancer care at Butaro Cancer Center of Excellence (BCCOE) in Rwanda from 2012 to 2016 were routinely screened for HIV, prior to being confirmed with or without cancer (cases and controls, respectively). Cases were coded according to ICD\u2010O\u20103 and converted to ICD10. Associations between individual cancer types and HIV were estimated using adjusted unconditional logistic regression. 2,656 cases and 1,196 controls differed by gender (80.3% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 70.8% female), age (mean 45.5 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 37.7 years), place of residence and proportion of diagnoses made by histopathology (87.5% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 67.4%). After adjustment for these variables, HIV was significantly associated with Kaposi Sarcoma (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200960; OR\u2009=\u2009110.3, 95%CI 46.8\u2013259.6), non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009265; OR\u2009=\u20092.5, 1.4\u20134.6), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200976; OR\u2009=\u20095.2, 2.3\u201311.6) and cancers of the cervix (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009560; OR\u2009=\u20095.9, 3.8\u20139.2), vulva (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923; OR\u2009=\u200917.8, 6.3\u201350.1), penis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200929; OR\u2009=\u20098.3, 2.5\u201327.4) and eye (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200917; OR\u2009=\u20094.7, 1.0\u201325.0). Associations varied by NHL\/HL subtype, with that for NHL being limited to DLBCL (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200956; OR\u2009=\u20096.6, 3.1\u201314.1), particularly plasmablastic lymphoma (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096, OR\u2009=\u2009106, 12.1\u2013921). No significant associations were seen with other commonly diagnosed cancers, including female breast cancer (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009559), head and neck (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009116) and colorectal cancer (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009106). In conclusion, in the era of cART in Rwanda, HIV is associated with increased risk of a range of infection\u2010related cancers, and accounts for an important fraction of cancers presenting to a referral hospital.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T04:26:42Z","timestamp":1523939202000},"page":"1348-1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A case\u2013control study of <scp>HIV<\/scp> infection and cancer in the era of antiretroviral therapy in <scp>R<\/scp>wanda"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Tharcisse","family":"Mpunga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Butaro Cancer Centre of Excellence, Ministry of Health Butaro Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5849-4782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariana","family":"Znaor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Regis","family":"Uwizeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health\/Inshuti Mu Buzima Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Uwase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Butaro Cancer Centre of Excellence, Ministry of Health Butaro Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyprien","family":"Munyanshongore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rwanda, School of Public Health Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Franceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS Aviano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7534-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary M.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61050-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biological agents","volume":"100","author":"IARC","year":"2012","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20010601)92:5<622::AID-IJC1256>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"1060","article-title":"Cancer and HIV infection in referral hospitals from four West African countries. 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