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The study was prospectively conducted with nearly 4,000 cancer cases arising in our population\u2010based cohort of 33,736 subjects who answered the baseline questionnaire and supplied blood samples. After exclusion of subjects with apparent DM, analysis was done in 3,036 cancer cases and 3,667 subcohort subjects. Among men and women combined, highest levels of C\u2010peptide were statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of all\u2010site [Hazard ratio (HR): 1.21; 95% confidence interval: 1.02\u20131.42], colon [1.73; 1.20\u20132.47], liver [3.23; 1.76\u20135.91], kidney, renal pelvis and ureter cancers [2.47; 1.07\u20135.69], compared to the respective lowest levels, after adjustment for GA levels. Among these C\u2010peptide\u2010related cancers, colon and liver cancers also showed an increased risk associated with elevated GA levels independently of C\u2010peptide levels. The corresponding HRs for colon and liver cancers compared to the highest and lowest GA levels were 1.43 [1.02\u20132.00] and 2.02 [1.15\u20133.55], respectively. Effect modification by gender was only evident for the association between C\u2010peptide and colon cancer (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> for interaction = 0.04). Higher insulin levels, independently of higher blood glucose levels, may be relevant to DM\u2010related carcinogenesis for several cancer sites. Examination of circulating insulin levels is a plausible option in evaluating cancer risk even in individuals who have not developed DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T10:38:44Z","timestamp":1536143924000},"page":"718-729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Plasma C\u2010peptide and glycated albumin and subsequent risk of cancer: From a large prospective case\u2010cohort study in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihisa","family":"Hidaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Prevention Group Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center  Tokyo 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