{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:20:25Z","timestamp":1789730425508,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]],"date-time":"2019-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21CA191965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21CA191965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has markedly high incidence rates in Kenya and much of East Africa, with a dire prognosis and poorly understood aetiology. Consumption of hot beverages\u2014a probable carcinogen to humans\u2014is associated with increased ESCC risk in other settings and is habitually practiced in Kenya. We conducted a case\u2013control study in Eldoret, western Kenya between August 2013 and March 2018. Cases were patients with endoscopically confirmed oesophageal cancer whose histology did not rule out ESCC. Age and sex\u2010matched controls were hospital visitors and hospital out and in\u2010patients excluding those with digestive diseases. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for self\u2010reported drinking temperatures; consumption frequency; mouth burning frequency and hot porridge consumption using logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Drinking temperature association with tumour sub\u2010location was also investigated. The study included 430 cases and 440 controls. Drinkers of \u2018very hot\u2019 and \u2018hot\u2019 beverages (&gt;95% tea) had a 3.7 (95% CI: 2.1\u20136.5) and 1.4\u2010fold (1.0\u20132.0) ESCC risk, respectively compared to \u2018warm\u2019 drinkers. This trend was consistent in males, females, never and ever alcohol\/tobacco and was stronger over than under age 50 years. The tumour sub\u2010location distribution (upper\/middle\/lower oesophagus) did not differ by reported drinking temperature. Our study is the first comprehensive investigation in this setting to\u2010date to observe a link between hot beverage consumption and ESCC in East Africa. These findings provide further evidence for the role of this potentially modifiable risk factor in ESCC aetiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T12:12:36Z","timestamp":1543493556000},"page":"2669-2676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Hot beverages and oesophageal cancer risk in western Kenya: Findings from the ESCCAPE case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2450-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel RS","family":"Middleton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Menya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University  Eldoret Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Kigen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH)  Eldoret Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Oduor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Services, University of Eldoret  Eldoret Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen K","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH)  Eldoret Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Some","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University  Eldoret Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Chumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University  Eldoret Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ayuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University  Eldoret Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odipo","family":"Osano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret  Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Sch\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7397-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20120162"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.10.8.643"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014080"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30239-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Drinking Coffee, Mate, and Very Hot Beverages \/ IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2016: Lyon, France) (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans ; volume 116)","author":"IARC","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"420","article-title":"Cancer of the esophagus: some etiological considerations","volume":"14","author":"Watson W","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b929"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0796"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0646-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"503249","article-title":"Esophageal cancer, the topmost cancer at MTRH in the Rift Valley, Kenya, and its potential risk factors","volume":"2013","author":"Patel K","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","article-title":"Cancer Epidemiology fieldwork in a resource\u2010limited setting: experience in the ESCCAPE esophageal cancer case\u2010control study in Western Kenya","author":"D Menya NK","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Health\/Kenya National AIDS Control Council\/Kenya Kenya Medical Research Institute Population NCf Development\/Kenya. 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Rockville MD USA;2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","article-title":"Traditional and commercial alcohols and esophageal cancer risk in Kenya","author":"D Menya NK","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24445"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178911"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fijc.32032","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.32032","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ijc.32032","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.32032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T11:08:06Z","timestamp":1694344086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijc.32032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijc.32032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.32032","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7136","1097-0215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7136","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-09-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}