{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:07:19Z","timestamp":1792627639469,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013885","name":"Ministry of Health Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NMRR-11-597-9667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRR-11-597-9667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial cancer of the nasopharynx which is highly associated with Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV). Worldwide, most of the top 20 countries with the highest incidence and mortality rates of NPC are low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. Many studies had demonstrated that EBV could be detected in the tissue, serum and plasma of NPC patients. In this study, we explored the potential of assays based on non\u2010invasive nasal washings (NW) as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for NPC. A total of 128 patients were evaluated for NW EBV DNA loads and a subset of these samples were also tested for 27 EBV and human miRNAs shortlisted from literature. EBV DNA and seven miRNAs showed area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of more than 0.7, suggestive of their potential utility to detect NPC. Logistic regression analyses suggested that combination of two NW assays that test for <jats:italic>EBNA\u20101<\/jats:italic> and hsa\u2010miR\u201021 had the best performance in detecting NPC. The trend of NW EBV DNA load matched with clinical outcome of 71.4% (10 out of 14) NPC patients being followed\u2010up. In summary, the non\u2010invasive NW testing panel may be particularly useful for NPC screening in remote areas where healthcare facilities and otolaryngologists are lacking, and may encourage frequent testing of individuals in the high risk groups who are reluctant to have their blood tested. However, further validation in an independent cohort is required to strengthen the utility of this testing panel as a non\u2010invasive detection tool for NPC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T18:55:13Z","timestamp":1548874513000},"page":"2260-2266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A novel and non\u2010invasive approach utilising nasal washings for the detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3872-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geok Wee","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Medical Biology University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-9265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijaya Mohan","family":"Sivanesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah Ida","family":"Abdul Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faridah","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Selayang Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Batu Caves  Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harissa Husainy","family":"Hasbullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine UiTM Selangor  Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching\u2010Ching","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8268-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan Soo\u2010Beng","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7934-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu Ping","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University  Subang Jaya Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-008-9213-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"FerlayJ SoerjomataramI ErvikM DikshitR EserS MathersC RebeloM ParkinD. 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