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While the presence of NK cells in pleural effusions (PE) has been documented, no information exists on the presence of other innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets and on the expression of programmed cell death\u20101 (PD\u20101) in NK and ILC. The presence of ILC was assessed in PE of 54 patients (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 33 with mesothelioma,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 15 with adenocarcinoma and\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6 with inflammatory pleural diseases) by cell staining with suitable antibody combinations and cytofluorimetric analysis. The cytokine production of ILC isolated from both PE and autologous peripheral blood was analyzed upon cell stimulation and intracytoplasmic staining. We show that, in addition to NK cells, also ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3 are present in malignant PE and that the prevalent subset is ILC3. PE\u2010ILC subsets produced their typical sets of cytokines upon activation. In addition, we analyzed the PD\u20101 expression on NK\/ILC by multiparametric flow\u2010cytometric analysis, while the expression of PD\u20101 ligand (PD\u2010L1) was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. Both NK cells and ILC3 expressed functional PD\u20101, moreover, both tumor samples and malignant PE\u2010derived tumor cell lines were PD\u2010L1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    suggesting that the interaction between PD\u20101\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ILC and PD\u2010L1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    tumor cells may hamper antitumor immune responses mediated by NK and ILC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]],"date-time":"2019-03-11T14:17:27Z","timestamp":1552313847000},"page":"1660-1668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Presence of innate lymphoid cells in pleural effusions of primary and metastatic tumors: Functional analysis and expression of PD\u20101 receptor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Tumino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Munari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Sacro Cuore Don Calabria  Negrar VR Italy"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Scordamaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology AO Villa Scassi  Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Besi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca Romana","family":"Mariotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bogina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Sacro Cuore Don Calabria  Negrar VR Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Mingari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova  Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR) 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