{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:31:24Z","timestamp":1790346684132,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P25499\u2010B13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P25499\u2010B13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficacy of cancer vaccines has been limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which can be alleviated by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Here, we tested if oncolytic viruses (OVs), similar to ICI, can also synergize with cancer vaccines by modulating the tumor microenvironment. VSV\u2010GP, a chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyped with the glycoprotein (GP) of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, is a promising new OV candidate. Here, we show that in mouse B16\u2010OVA melanoma, combination treatment of VSV\u2010GP with an ovalbumin (OVA) peptide\u2010loaded dendritic cell (DC) vaccine (DCVacc) significantly enhanced survival over the single agent therapies, although both DCVacc and DCVacc\/VSV\u2010GP treatments induced comparable levels of OVA\u2010specific CD8 T cell responses. Virus replication was minimal so that direct viral oncolysis in B16\u2010OVA did not contribute to this synergism. The strong therapeutic effect of the DCVacc\/VSV\u2010GP combination treatment was associated with high numbers of tumor\u2010infiltrating, highly activated T cells and the relative reduction of regulatory T cells in treated and contra\u2010lateral nontreated tumors. Accordingly, depletion of CD8 T cells but not natural killer cells abrogated the therapeutic effect of DCVacc\/VSV\u2010GP supporting the crucial role of CD8 T cells. In addition, a drastic increase in several proinflammatory cytokines was observed in VSV\u2010GP\u2010treated tumors. Taken together, OVs, similar to ICI, have the potential to markedly increase the efficacy of cancer vaccines by alleviating local immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T00:42:37Z","timestamp":1555029757000},"page":"1958-1969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Oncolytic virotherapy enhances the efficacy of a cancer vaccine by modulating the tumor microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Iris","family":"Koske","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology Medical University of Innsbruck  Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"R\u00f6ssler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology Medical University of Innsbruck  Innsbruck 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