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These associations have not been evaluated in Asia, where the high exposure and historical environmental contamination of certain OC pesticides (e.g., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], hexachlorocyclohexane [HCH]) are different from Western populations. We evaluated NHL risk and prediagnostic blood levels of OC pesticides\/metabolites and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in a case\u2013control study of 167 NHL cases and 167 controls nested within three prospective cohorts in Shanghai and Singapore. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze lipid\u2010adjusted OC levels and NHL risk. Median levels of p,p\u2032\u2010dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p\u2032\u2010DDE), the primary DDT metabolite, and \u03b2\u2010HCH were up to 12 and 65 times higher, respectively, in samples from the Asian cohorts compared to several cohorts in the United States and Norway. An increased risk of NHL was observed among those with higher \u03b2\u2010HCH levels both overall (3rd <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 1st tertile OR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.0\u20133.2; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub> = 0.049) and after excluding cases diagnosed within 2\u2009years of blood collection (3rd <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 1st tertile OR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.1\u20133.9; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub> = 0.03), and the association was highly consistent across the three cohorts. No significant associations were observed for other OCs, including p,p\u2032\u2010DDE. Our findings provide support for an association between \u03b2\u2010HCH blood levels and NHL risk. This is a concern because substantial quantities of persistent, toxic residues of HCH are present in the environment worldwide. Although there is some evidence that DDT is associated with NHL, our findings for p,p\u2032\u2010DDE do not support an association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T08:25:45Z","timestamp":1555662345000},"page":"839-849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prediagnostic blood levels of organochlorines and risk of non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma in three prospective cohorts in China and Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0278-8597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan A.","family":"Bassig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics NCI, NIH, DHHS  Rockville MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0711-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao\u2010Ou","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt\u2010Ingram Cancer Center Vanderbilt University School of Medicine  Nashville TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Sj\u00f6din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woon\u2010Puay","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services &amp; Systems Research Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore and National University Health System  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Tang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Adams\u2010Haduch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute  Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute  Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong\u2010Bing","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes &amp; Department of Epidemiology Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence S.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health  Chapel Hill NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Purdue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics NCI, NIH, DHHS  Rockville MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bu\u2010Tian","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics NCI, NIH, DHHS  Rockville MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt\u2010Ingram Cancer Center Vanderbilt University School of Medicine  Nashville TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilde","family":"Langseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway Institute of Population\u2010Based Cancer Research  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. 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